tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52676025280265451232024-03-12T17:35:06.209-06:00Phonetics and PhonologyA work in progress, this blog is going to feature the work of Group 701 from their Phonetics and Phonology course.Daisyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10607310265039132570noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-39350197992552096482010-01-06T22:27:00.002-06:002010-01-06T22:35:48.425-06:00THE ORGANS OF THE SPEECH<div>The organs of the speech produce almost all the sounds needed for language. These organs are divided in 2:</div><br /><div><br /><strong><em>Passive articulators:</em></strong> those which remain static during the articulation of sound. (Upper lips, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, etc.)</div><br /><div><br /><strong><em>Active articulators:</em></strong> those which move towards these passive articulators to produce various speech sounds in a different way. (Uvula, lower jaw, lower teeth, lower lips, etc., the most important active articulator is the tongue) </div><br /><div><br />1-nasal cavity</div><br /><div>2-lips3-teeth</div><br /><div>4-aveolar ridge</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZS8dQQDEs5WIpt44AnMMIB0skf5asyCHTlm5F-9Sq1grh2ZIDrFsx4RJHJtjlYybm9RVkUl9Jijn0fMD80f5ZYHkBe-aeJIUN67QxYhJV6aJDQTFDY38mYXYCBo802eLwpN3zRyzr_4W7/s1600-h/ORGANS.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5423851736597989618" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 290px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 292px" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZS8dQQDEs5WIpt44AnMMIB0skf5asyCHTlm5F-9Sq1grh2ZIDrFsx4RJHJtjlYybm9RVkUl9Jijn0fMD80f5ZYHkBe-aeJIUN67QxYhJV6aJDQTFDY38mYXYCBo802eLwpN3zRyzr_4W7/s320/ORGANS.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>5-hard palate</div><br /><div>6-velum (soft palate)</div><br /><div>7-uvula</div><br /><div>8-apex (tip) of tongue</div><br /><div>9-blade (front) of tongue</div><br /><div>10-dorsum (back) of tongue</div><br /><div>11-oral cavity</div><br /><div>12-pharynx</div><br /><div>13-epiglottis</div><br /><div>14-larynx</div><br /><div>15-vocal cords</div><br /><div>16-trachea</div><br /><div>17-esophagus</div><br /><div><br /><strong><span style="font-size:130%;">The nature of voicing<br /></span><em>The mucosal wave:</em></strong> For voiced sounds, the vocal cords are held together by the action of the arytenoid cartilages, but they are held together less tightly than for a glottal stop.</div><br /><div><br />When air is forced up the trachea from the lungs, at a certain pressure it is able to force its way through the vocal cords, pushing them open. As air passes through the glottis, the air pressure in the glottis falls, because when a gas or liquid runs through a constricted passage, its velocity increases (the Venturi tube effect). This increase in velocity results in a drop in pressure of that gas or liquid (the Bernouilli principle). Because of the drop in pressure, the vocal cords snap together, at the lower edge first, closing again. The cycle then begins again. A single cycle of opening and closing takes in the region of 1/100th second: therefore, the cycle repeats at rates in the region of 100 times per second. This rate is too rapid for the human ear to be able to discriminate each individual opening/closing of the vocal cords. However, we perceive variations in the overall rate of vibration as changes in the pitch of the voice, "pitch" being the perceptual correlate of acoustic frequency. </div><br /><div><br /><strong><em>Voicelessness:</em></strong> If the vocal cords are held apart, air can flow between them without being obstructed, so that no noise is produced by the larynx. In voiceless fricatives such as [f], [s], [ʃ], [ʂ], [θ ], [ç], [x], and [ χ], the vocal cords are held apart. If there is a sufficiently high rate of airflow through the open glottis, a quiet disruption of the air results (whisper). The glottal fricative has whisper phonation, as do whispered vowels, and the aspiration portion of voiceless aspirated stops such as English /p/, /t/, or /k/ in pre-vocalic position. The IPA diacritic [° ], written below a symbol, indicates such voicelessness. Voiceless vowels, nasals and liquids can be transcribed using that diacritic. For stops and fricatives there are separate letters for voiced and voiceless sounds, e.g. [b] (voiced) vs. [p]. In these cases, the voicelessness diacritic can be used to denote a (possibly partially) devoiced realisation of a phoneme that might otherwise be expected to be voiced, such as the pronunciation of the / ɹ/ in /tɹeIn/, "train", in which the /ɹ/ may be devoiced due to its following a voiceless, aspirated /t/. </div><br /><div><br /><strong><em>Breathy voice or murmur:</em></strong> This phonation is a combination of breath and voice, which occurs if the vocal cords do not close completely along their entire length while they are vibrating; the air which flows through the remaining aperture adds whisper to the vocal cord vibrations.<br />Creaky voice or creak: In this kind of voicing, the vocal cords are stiffened, so that they are very rigid as they vibrate.</div><br /><div><br />Click on this link to watch another useful explanation.<br /><a href="http://www.rsc-ne-scotland.ac.uk/eolympics/organs_of_speech/home/index.htm">http://www.rsc-ne-scotland.ac.uk/eolympics/organs_of_speech/home/index.htm</a><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_organ">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_organ</a><br /><a href="http://tutorpal.com/ipa/organs.html">http://tutorpal.com/ipa/organs.html</a><br /><a href="http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/phonation.htm">http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/phonation.htm</a><br /></div>ivethhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06657561004801966447noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-55273443200976924102010-01-06T22:17:00.002-06:002010-01-06T22:23:40.154-06:00ASSIMILATIONAssimilation has a very precise meaning when it’s related to studies of languages. Is a common phonological process bye which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like another segment in a word. In other words it’s when a letter (sound) is influenced by the letter (sound) before or after it so that it changes its sound and/or spelling. The word assimilation it self it’s said to be assimilated; it is derived from the latin prefix ad- meaning to and simil- meaning like but, instead of being adsimilated, it has the easier pronunciation of assimilated.<br /><br />A common example of assimilation is “don’t be silly” where the /n/ and /t/ are assimilated to /m/ by the following /b/, in many accents the natural sound is “dombe silly”.<br /><br />Assimilation can be synchronic being an active process in a language at a given point in time or diachronic being a historical sound change. There are 4 configurations found: the increase in phonetic similarity may be between adjacent segments or between segments separated by one or more intervening segments; the changes could be in reference to a preceding segment or a following one. Even when all four occur, it changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes. Assimilation to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilation to a non-adjacent one.<br /><br />If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is called “regressive assimilation”, the changes with reference to a preceding segment are called “progressive assimilation”. A lot of people find these terms very confusing because they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. To avoid the problem exist a variety of alternative terms. “Regressive assimilation” is also known as right to left, leading or reciprocal assimilation. “Progressive assimilation” is known as left to right or preservative, lagging or lag assimilation. <br /><br />Occasionally two sounds may influence one another in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.<br /><br />1<span style="color:#333333;">. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as01"><span style="color:#333333;">/ t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />2. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as02"><span style="color:#333333;">/ d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />3. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as03"><span style="color:#333333;">/ n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />4. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as04"><span style="color:#333333;">/ t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/ </span></a><br /><span style="color:#333333;">5. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as05"><span style="color:#333333;">/ d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />6. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as06"><span style="color:#333333;">/ n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />7. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as07"><span style="color:#333333;">/ s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / </span></a><br /><span style="color:#333333;">8. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as08"><span style="color:#333333;">/ z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /</span></a><span style="color:#333333;"><br />9. </span><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html#as09"><span style="color:#333333;">/θ/ changes to / s / before / s / </span></a><br /><br /><a href="http://slb-ltsu.hull.ac.uk/awe/index.php?title=Assimilation_(phonetic)">http://slb-ltsu.hull.ac.uk/awe/index.php?title=Assimilation_(phonetic)</a><br /><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html">http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)</a>ivethhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06657561004801966447noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-9595551554693120102009-12-14T10:55:00.002-06:002009-12-14T11:47:24.727-06:00entonation and meaningwhen we talk with persons can see in us<br /><ul><li>mood</li></ul><ul><li>attitud</li></ul>also when we say something the entonation help us to give at that words the correct mening and the other person can understand the message but the entonation is not the only tool to understand the meanig, the body language is another tool that help and this 2 elements together are know as paralanguage.<br /> for example if we say<br /><br /><ul><li>would you please sit down ( angry)</li><li>would you please sit down ( friendly)</li></ul>with the correct entonation and body language the persons who receive the order is going to receive the correct mening and that person is going to react in base of that.<br /><br />here there are some website where you can look more information.<br /><br />http://www.americanaccent.com/intonation.html<br />http://www.english-test.net/forum/ftopic4757.html in this page there are a n explanation of a native speaker.<br /><br />by Maria Paulapaulahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08872973090146554511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-45743282448009145302009-12-14T02:36:00.005-06:002009-12-14T02:53:02.276-06:00who I am?Hi teacher, I hadn't read the comment where you ask who I am, well I'm Lidia and Zisko is Ramses, sorry but we already had a count with those nicknames, see you .p!Nkihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16613018647917302303noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-84409415680693907352009-12-14T01:52:00.006-06:002009-12-14T03:57:38.458-06:00Diphthongs<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />The word diphthong is from Greek: it means "two vowels", and we write them as two vowels. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span id="IDA2TU5C" direction="target">A <span id="IDAAWU5C" direction="targettargettarget">diphthong</span> is a vowel in which the speaker's tongue changes position while it is being pronounced, so that the vowel sounds like a combination of two other vowels. These are tense vowels, they can be long or short.<br /><br />Diphthong examples:<br /></span></span><br />/<span style="font-size:130%;">e</span><span class="clickable" onclick="'dr4sdgryt(event," style="font-size:130%;"><span class="prn"><span class="ph">ɪ</span></span></span>/ as day, pay, say, lay.<br /><br />/<span class="clickable" onclick="'dr4sdgryt(event,"><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">aɪ</span>/ as sky, buy, cry, tie.<br /><br />/</span></span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">ɔɪ</span>/ as toy, boy.<br /><br />/</span></span></span><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">ɪə</span>/ as beer, hear.<br /><br />/</span></span><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">e</span>ə</span>/ as bear, pair, hair<br /><br />/</span></span><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">ʊə</span>/ as tour, poor.<br /><br /></span></span><span class="clickable" onclick="'dr4sdgryt(event,"><span class="hw">/</span><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">əʊ</span>/ as phone, no, go<br /><br />/</span></span></span><span class="clickable" onclick="'dr4sdgryt(event,"><span class="prn"><span class="ph"><span style="font-size:130%;">aʊ</span>/ as how, cow</span></span></span><br /><span class="ps" title="transitive verb"></span> <span class="qps"></span><p><br /></p><span style="font-size:100%;">The three major <span class="yellowFade" itxtvisited="1"><span><span class="yellowFadeInnerSpan" style="position: relative;">diphthongs</span></span></span> in Standard <span class="yellowFade" itxtvisited="1"><span><span class="yellowFadeInnerSpan" style="position: relative;">English</span></span></span>, which are known as phonemic <span class="yellowFade" itxtvisited="1"><span><span class="yellowFadeInnerSpan" style="position: relative;">diphthongs</span></span></span>, are <span class="prn"><span class="ph">aɪ </span></span>(<span class="i">past</span> <span class="b">rode</span>; <span class="i">past p</span> <span class="b">ridden</span>), <span class="prn"><span class="ph">aʊ</span></span>, and <span class="prn"><span class="ph">ɔɪ</span></span> . All three of these <span class="yellowFade" itxtvisited="1"><span><span class="yellowFadeInnerSpan" style="position: relative;">diphthongs</span></span></span> are very common, and many people simply think of them as single vowels in some contexts. For example, in the <span class="yellowFade" itxtvisited="1"><span><span class="yellowFadeInnerSpan" style="position: relative;">English</span></span></span> word <em itxtvisited="1">ride</em>, the <em itxtvisited="1">i</em> would be transcribed phonetically as <span class="prn"><span class="ph">aɪ</span></span>. Although it appears as a single letter in our writing, it actually consists of two vowels — if you say the word you should be able to hear the two. Similarly, the word <em itxtvisited="1">how</em> contains the diphthong <span class="prn"><span class="ph">aʊ</span></span> at the end, and the word <em itxtvisited="1">boy</em> contains the diphthong <span class="prn"><span class="ph">ɔɪ</span></span><span class="ps" title="noun">.<br /><br />English diphthongs chart:<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYEU-REsDVuRFW2KOBs7HM5xq-YSO8WN8D_183P-NSi6-Lp8KSpv9y6Fi39wc_3j-pCFsLGct0BQOPNf0ziYFHZFyCNG094Z8Kv3_5fYJf8SiMmadP2krCXpGtnI-YCxfH1-yFejSPzec/s1600-h/English_diphthongs_chart_svg.png"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 147px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYEU-REsDVuRFW2KOBs7HM5xq-YSO8WN8D_183P-NSi6-Lp8KSpv9y6Fi39wc_3j-pCFsLGct0BQOPNf0ziYFHZFyCNG094Z8Kv3_5fYJf8SiMmadP2krCXpGtnI-YCxfH1-yFejSPzec/s200/English_diphthongs_chart_svg.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415015147718741746" border="0" /></a><br /></div></div><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span><br /><br />http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/esl0105.html<br /><span> </span><br /><span> </span>Narenihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06930758133626439495noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-89496860130347593112009-12-11T22:38:00.003-06:002009-12-11T23:21:38.076-06:00INTONATION<div align="justify">INTONATION<br /><br />Intonation is a crucial element or verbal interaction. Authors of teacher’s handbooks and teaching materials agree on this. The communicative importance of intonation should also be reflected in the attention it gets in language teaching.<br /><br />There are different ways in which human sound is processed. The idea to emphasis is that all this is done in order to communicate.<br />Intonation is often defined as a speech melody, consisting of different tones, obviously, what melody and intonation have in common is that in both we make our voice go up or down at will. It means, the tones depend on the pitch of the voice.<br /><br />There are seven or eight tones but the more commons in English are the follow combinations:”down – up”= falling rising tone and “up – down “= rising – falling.<br /><br />FALL<br /><br />RISE<br /><br />RISE – FALL<br /><br />FALL – RISE<br /><br />LEVEL ___<br /><br />The classic example of intonation is the question-statement distinction. For example, northeastern American English, like very many languages, have a rising intonation for each declarative questions (He found it on the street?), and a falling intonation for wh-questions (Where did he find it?) and statement (He found it on the street.) Yes or no question (Did he find it on the street?) often have a rising end, but not always, For example.<br /></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">He: ready?<br /></div><div align="justify">She: No.<br /><br />He: Why?<br /><br />She: Problems.<br /><br />He: Problems?<br /><br />She: Yes.<br /><br />He: What?<br /><br />She: Babysitter.<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)</a><br /><a href="http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/azapata/materias/phonetics_1/intonation_exercises.pd">http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/azapata/materias/phonetics_1/intonation_exercises.pd</a><br />BY Ivan and Liliana</div>Lilianahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15708607576293485660noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-35094241553364780802009-12-05T12:29:00.010-06:002009-12-08T15:20:50.110-06:00WHAT IS PARALANGUAGE? KNOW MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">In a previous class, we learnt about paralanguage and intonation, both interesting and entertaining topics. As we saw, there are other ways how we can communicate with others, that means, we do not just use our speech, but we also express feelings, opinions, mandates, etc. through the body language, expressions and gestures, vulume, tone of voice, and in some cases intonation of speech, which are includes in paralanguage.</span></div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">clarifying all kind of doubts, I am going to give you a definition of paralanguage. It is supposed that paralanguage is not about what something is said but how something is said. According to some authors, paralanguage refers to the nonverbal parts of communication, used to express or modify meaning and convey or share emotions. It also could be conveyed consciously ( for example when you have to communicate something with a purpose) or unconsciously. (just because, or in an spontateous way) </span></div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:verdana;">Remember that we listened in the recorging the word <strong>yes</strong> ten times in different ways. The main purpose of that activity was we realized that throught the intonation of words we can transmit a meaning, and this meaning is the feeling. in the word yes people in the recorging express feeling such as happiness, confidence, annoyance, and others.</span></div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I already have said that paralanguage involves lots of elements, one of them is <span style="color:#000099;">body language</span><span style="color:#000000;">, which involves feelings and physical expressions such as body pose, gestures, eye contact, etc. Sometimes the use of body language is an interpersonal way to communicate. In a classroom body language can be useful and helpful for both a better interaction between teacher and students and understanding of words. With imperative forms or in questions we can use a lot body language. for example </span><span style="color:#660000;">Would you please sit down?</span><span style="color:#000000;"> here the teacher can do use of body movement, put his or her hands down, and friendly gestures like a smile. </span></span></div><div align="justify">Here there are some links that could help you to understad better this topic:</div><p><a href="http://changingminds.org/techniques/body/body_language.htm"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">http://changingminds.org/techniques/body/body_language.htm</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UrKmfFgDDc"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UrKmfFgDDc</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSVk61szem0"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSVk61szem0</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjmkb5HCGLA"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:85%;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjmkb5HCGLA</span></a></p><a href="http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:MTBKllM9xPUJ:faculty.tnstate.edu/bchristian1/chapmanpp.ppt+what+is+paralanguage&cd=6&hl=es&ct=clnk&gl=mx"><span style="font-size:85%;">http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:MTBKllM9xPUJ:faculty.tnstate.edu/bchristian1/chapmanpp.ppt+what+is+paralanguage&cd=6&hl=es&ct=clnk&gl=mx</span></a><br /><div align="justify"></div>Miriam Eliana Noyola Gonzàlezhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02980008763975757427noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-44852516556870076052009-12-03T15:03:00.002-06:002009-12-03T17:17:30.370-06:00ENGLISH ACCENTS AROUND THE WORLD<div align="justify">As we saw in the class, there are many English accents around the world and we saw examples from the classmates who were presenting this topic. I can make a comparison with the spanish accents because as well as the English ones there are a lot of variations and it depends also on the zone where it is spoken.</div><div align="justify">A good example on the variety of what I am talking about is the scotish accent because there are few differences from the other accents, I mean some of the sounds are preserved like the difference between /hw/ and /w/.</div><div align="justify">other special feature of this accent is that is a little bit stressed in some words like: cot and caught because they use this phonetic symbol [ɔ]. I found something very interesting here on the words foot, pull, food and pool, because according to my source thiere is not distinction between them, this means that the vowel that they use is a short one, there is a mixture between the vowels, what it is interesting because our teacher told us the difference and one vowel for foot is short and the other one for food is long. This are some of the different characteristics that we can find in scotish accent and depending on the place the accent may change.</div><div align="justify">Another example is the australian accent, this kind of accent is likely the most rare English accent that I know because they speak like they were saying a tongue twister, because I believe they don`t open the mouth widely and it seems that they use joined speech in all the words they are saying, a good example of this is that when they speak they say words with /t/ and they sound like /d/, this accent is like the one from South Africa. australian accent tend to use the sound /æ/ instead of the sound /a:/ like "celery" and "salary" they both sound the same in Australian accent.</div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">here you have some links in order to know more about English accents:</div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omaccents2/Australia.htm">http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omaccents2/Australia.htm</a></div><div align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English</a></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">Here you have some recording of the different accents:</div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.world-english.org/listen_english_accents.htm">http://www.world-english.org/listen_english_accents.htm</a></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify">This is a very interesting video about a girl trying to do several English accents, it is very good:</div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k</a></div>Genarohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04992508390191441938noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-81603289719264953972009-12-03T10:51:00.002-06:002009-12-03T12:02:15.512-06:00Minimal pairs<span style="font-family:arial;">Minimal pairs are pairs or more words that can often be confused while speaking, we have to be very careful because they only change in one phonological element for example work <span style="color:#3333ff;"><span lang="EN-GB">/w</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'" lang="EN-GB">ɜ</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color:#3333ff;">:k/</span>, walk<span style="color:#3333ff;"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">/w</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">ɔ</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="color:#3333ff;">:k/</span> and woke <span style="color:#3333ff;">/<span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">w</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">əʊ</span></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="color:#3333ff;">k/</span> although the phonetic transcription changes the pronunciation is almost the same so we have to be very careful about it. </span></span></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></span></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="font-family:arial;">Here there are some examples of minimal pairs</span></span></span></span><br /><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri', 'sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">a.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Ship - sheep <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">b.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Cheap - chip<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">c.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Cat - cut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">d.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Kite - coat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">e.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Bought - boat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">f.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Hit - heat<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">g.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX">Bins - beans</span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></strong></span> </p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="font-family:arial;">In the following colums I enlist the most dificult minimal pairs phonemes</span></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Minimal pairs in vowels</span></strong></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Phonemes<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Word Pair<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">ɒ/ and /ɔ:/</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Cop and cope<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">/e/ and /eI/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Pen and pain<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">/I/ and /i:/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">List and least<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">ʊ/ and /u:/</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Look and luke<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/æ/ and /</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">ʌ/</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Cat and Cut<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:arial;"> <strong>Minimal pairs in consonats</strong> </span></o:p></span></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt" class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Phonemes <o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: black 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><strong><span style="font-family:arial;">Word pair<o:p></o:p></span></strong></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">/p/ and /b/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Peach and beach<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">/b/ and /v/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Boat and vote<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">/l/ and /r/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Alive and arrive<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/θ</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/ and /s/</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">Thing and Sing<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/d</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial', 'sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">ʒ</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">/ and /j/<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: black 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; WIDTH: 224.45pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; BORDER-RIGHT: black 1pt solid; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1" valign="top" width="299"><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:arial;">John and Yawn<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></span> </p><p style="TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><span style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX"><o:p><span style="font-family:arial;"></span></o:p></span> </p></span></span></span>pepehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05641460538946875818noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-43536805595485024992009-12-02T18:20:00.002-06:002009-12-02T19:47:15.896-06:00CANADIAN AND INDIAN ACCENTManuel Alejandro Hernández Mendoza<br /><br />Last class we looked at some different English accents, some of them caught my attention for example the canadian accent. It is little different from standar English for example the English raising, this phenomenon occurs in dipthongs that are before voiceless consonants e.g. /p/ /t/ /k/ /s/ f/. and talking about vowel dipthong there are some changes of sounds for example the word eye /aI/ turns into /­­Ai/ and /au/ changes to /AU/. it is said that this changes exist because of the French influnce, but it is also said that the phenomenon of raising historically to a similar phenomenon that exists in scottish English. The Scottish Vowel length rule lengthens a wide variety of vowel sounds in several environments, and shorthens them in others; "long" environments include include when the vowel precedes a number of voiced consonants fricatives and /r/, whereas Canadian raising is not limited in this fashion; thus , it may represent a sort of merging of the scots vowel length rule with the general english rule lengtheningvowels before voiced consonants of any sort.<br /><br />if you want to know how Canadian accent sounds click on the next link<br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nzoo6_l0&feature=realted">www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nzoo6_l0&feature=realted</a><br /><br />Indian accent<br />also knonw as south Asian English is primarily spoken in the Indian Subcontinent. I found something interesting here, for example the use of "isn`t it" a generic question tag, as in<br /><br />you are lying, isn`t it? instead of You are lying, aren`t you?<br />i am the best, ìsn`it?<br /><br />more recent question tags include "no?" used coloquially<br />he`s here, no?<br /><br />an important feature talking about vowels is that they used in words that have an "a" in them for example hat, cap, staff, stab the sound of the letter "a" as we use it in spanish. They also add in some words that finish with the sound /t/ the letter "u" example Left, leftU -but, butU.<br />finally i would like to mention that they stress long words often in the first or second syllabe for example `communicative instead of commu`nicative<br /><br />if you like you can click ojn the next link in order to know hos indian accent is<br /><br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw6RgIf6epQ">www.youtube.com/watch?v=vw6RgIf6epQ</a>CAIFANhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18359945581809112657noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-89655944247111328192009-12-01T17:02:00.008-06:002009-12-01T19:35:51.056-06:00JOINED-UP SPEECH<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:180%;color:#006600;">A s s i m i l a t i o n</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" >As we know assimilation is a part of Joined-up speech, is phonological process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word. A common example of assimilation would be "don't be silly" where the /n/ and /t/ in "don't" are assimilated to /m/ and /p/ by the following /b/, where said naturally in many accents and discourse styles "dombe silly". </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><o:p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" >In assimilation, the phonological patterning of the language, discourse styles and accent are some of the factors that contribute to changes. </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" >If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is traditionally called "regressive assimilation", the changes with reference to a preceding segment are traditionally called "progressive". Many find these terms confusing, as they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. Regressive assimilation is also known as right-to-left, leading or anticipatory assimilation. Progressive assimilation is also known as left-to-right or preservative, lagging or lag assimilation. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Direction of assimilation:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Regressive assimilation</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">: this is leftward assimilation; the phone assimilates to a preceding phone. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">Progressive assimilation</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">: this is rightward assimilation; the phone assimilation to a following phone<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The sound that changes is called the <b>assimilated sound</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';">The sound that causes the change is called the <b>conditioning sound</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><strong><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:12;"><strong></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:12;"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:12;"><o:p></p></o:p></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" ><span style="color:#3366ff;">Progressive Assimilation</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="center"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="center"><span style="font-size:0;"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><strong></strong><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:path connecttype="none" fillok="f" arrowok="t"></v:path></span><o:lock shapetype="t" ext="edit"></o:lock><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="MARGIN-TOP: 582.9pt; Z-INDEX: 1; MARGIN-LEFT: 248.55pt; WIDTH: 127.95pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 0.05pt; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical: absolute" type="#_x0000_t32" strokeweight="3pt" strokecolor="red" connectortype="straight"><strong><v:stroke endarrow="block"></v:stroke><v:shadow opacity=".5" type="perspective" offset2="-1pt" offset="1pt" color="#3f3151"></v:shadow></strong></v:shape><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:#cc0099;" ><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><span style="font-size:130%;">Conditioning Sound </span> <span style="font-size:0;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><a href="http://electrocor.webcindario.com/"><img title="Visitar http://electrocor.webcindario.com" style="WIDTH: 75px; HEIGHT: 32px" height="256" alt="Visitar http://electrocor.webcindario.com" src="http://electrocor.webcindario.com/images/fisico/flecha-derecha.png" width="256" border="0" /></a></span></strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:130%;color:#3333ff;">Assimilated Sound</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><strong><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;color:#0000ff;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size:0;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><a href="http://electrocor.webcindario.com/"></a></span></strong></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="center"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:180%;color:#3366ff;" >Regressive Assimilation</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;color:#0070c0;"></span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;color:#0070c0;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> Assimilated</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Sound </span><img style="WIDTH: 66px; HEIGHT: 32px" height="107" src="http://electrocor.webcindario.com/images/fisico/flecha-izquierda.png" width="256" /> <span style="font-size:100%;"><span lang="ES-MX" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';color:#d60093;" >Conditioning </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';color:#d60093;" >Sound</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';color:#d60093;" > </span></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;color:#d60093;"></span></strong> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;color:#0070c0;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:#d60093;" ></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;color:#0070c0;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:#d60093;" ></span></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm" align="justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;color:#0070c0;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: EN-USfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Comic Sans MS'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-: ES-MXfont-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:14;color:#d60093;" ></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify" align="center"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;color:#244061;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="font-size:0;"><strong><span style="color:#3333ff;"><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></span></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="ES-MX" style="mso-ansi-language: ES-MX;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:14;color:blue;" ><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';" >Let’s see some examples of assimilation in place of articulation to the following consonants:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ol type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';color:#6600cc;" >/ t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/ </span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';color:#6600cc;" >/ s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / </span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><span style="color:#6600cc;"><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" >/ z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /</span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" > <o:p></o:p></span></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1color:blue;" ><b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';color:#6600cc;" >/θ/ changes to / s / before / s / </span></b><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as01"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';font-size:12;" ><span style="color:#006a25;"><span style="font-size:100%;">/ t / changes to / p /</span> <span style="font-size:100%;">before / m / / b / or / p /</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 306.8pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="409" border="0"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 0.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.7%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="41%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">best man</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 58.3%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="58%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">pocket money</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 0.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.7%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="41%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">cat burglar</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 58.3%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="58%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">post mortem</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 0.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.7%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="41%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">cigarette paper</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 58.3%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="58%"><p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">pot plant</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 0.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 41.7%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="41%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">coconut butter</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 58.3%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="58%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">court martial</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as02"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006a25;">/ d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 286.55pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="382" border="0"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 5.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 53%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="53%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bad pain</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="47%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">ground plan</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 5.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 53%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="53%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">blood bank</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="47%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">hold back </span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 5.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 53%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="53%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">good morning</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 47%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" width="47%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">grand master</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as03"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006a25;">/ n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 265.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="354" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 48%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="48%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">action planning</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="52%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">iron man</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 48%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="48%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">American plan</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="52%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">open market</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 48%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="48%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">brown bear</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 52%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="52%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">open book</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as04"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="color:#006a25;">/ t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/ </span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 242.6pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="323" border="0"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 50.98%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="50%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">credit card</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49.02%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">short cut</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 25.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 50.98%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="50%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">cut glass</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49.02%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">fat girl</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as05"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="color:#006a25;">/ d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 236pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="315" border="0"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bad girl</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">hard cash</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bird call</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">slide guitar</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">closed game</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">red carpet</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as06"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="color:#006a25;">/ n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 239.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="319" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">action group</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">open court</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">common good</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">roman calendar</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">common ground</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">roman catholic</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as07"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006a25;">/ s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by a rounded vowel sound </span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 272.05pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="363" border="0"><tbody><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bus shelter</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">nice yacht</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="HEIGHT: 11.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">dress shop</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">space shuttle</span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as08"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006a25;">/ z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j / followed by a rounded vowel sound</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 274.5pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="366" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">cheese shop</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">where's yours?</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">rose show</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span lang="EN-US">these sheep</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';font-size:11;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p><h3 style="MARGIN: 24.25pt 0cm auto"><a name="as09"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><span style="font-size:100%;color:#006a25;">/θ/ changes to / s / before / s / </span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode';" ><o:p></o:p></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 239.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="319" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bath salts</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">earth science</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">bath seat</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">fifth set</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">birth certificate</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">fourth season</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">both sexes</span></span></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">fourth summer</span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="49%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p><p><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p></o:p></span><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><o:p><span style="font-size:130%;color:#3333ff;"></span></o:p> </p><p><o:p><span style="font-size:130%;color:#3333ff;"></span></o:p> </p><p><o:p><span style="font-size:130%;color:#3333ff;">Bibliography</span></o:p></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html"></a></span></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size:+0;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:12;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:14;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 35.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:12;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:'Comic Sans MS';font-size:11;"><o:p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><a href="http://electrocor.webcindario.com/"></a></o:p></span></p><table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 239.25pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt 6.75pt" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="319" border="0"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 49%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8" valign="top" width="49%" color="transparent"><p><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html">http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html</a></p></td><td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-RIGHT: 6.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; PADDING-LEFT: 6.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; WIDTH: 51%; PADDING-TOP: 6.75pt" valign="top" width="51%"><p><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"></span></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics</a>)<br /></p>Brendahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09842865804274498913noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-74354964485226816662009-11-29T12:05:00.003-06:002009-11-29T13:36:34.233-06:00WHAT IS PARALANGUAGE? INTONATION - BODY LANGUAGE<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">In the previous class (12th November 2009),we learnt about an interesting topic<span style="color:#6600cc;"> PARALANGUAGE</span>. First of all, I give you a brief definition about of what paralanguage is.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Courier New;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">*It is about the<span style="color:#000099;"> how</span> we said things and not what is said. Paralanguage is part of the nonverbal communication and takes into account emotions and attitudes.It also may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.If you brings your memory back,you might remember that we listened the word <span style="color:#ff0000;">YES</span> in different ways such as: excited,annoyed, sarcastic and many others. This word ,can mean complettely different things (even if this word is expressed in the same sentence), it depends on<span style="color:#000099;"> how</span> it is said because how we say things can change the meaning of the message. </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:courier new;color:#6600cc;"></span></strong> </div><div align="center"><strong><span style="font-family:courier new;color:#6600cc;">The HOW is a key word in paralanguage.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">Paralanguage also involves intnation,empahasis,body langauge , tone of voice,word an syllable stress and so on.I found some categories of it, I think it could be interesting for you. I will try to explain<span style="color:#000099;"> </span><span style="color:#000000;">them:</span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Courier New;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;color:#000099;"><strong></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>1.- VOCAL QUALIFIERS:</strong></span> This term is also known as TONE OF VOICE. There are many factors that can affected our perception of tone of voice ,increasing loudness or softness. The second group involves raised or lowered pitch,which can involve things like fear or anxiety.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Courier New;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"><strong><span style="color:#000099;">2.- VOCAL DIFERENTIATORS:</span></strong> It refers to another way that how someone says something can be influenced by how it's said. For examples: crying,laughing or speaking in a bad manner.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Courier New;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>3.-VOCAL IDENTIFIERS:</strong></span> This category refers to the samll sounds ( expressions -interjections) that we make whe we are speaking but they have a maningg.For example: opps! ah-hah! and many others. These non verbal characteristics affect how we interpret the words.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">As I mentioned before,paralangauge involves many elements, another is <strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">BODY LANGUAGE.</span></strong> This is an essential language that takes part in our communication, this involves movements of part of the body such as: rising of the eyebrows,crossing fingers,etc.Body language can be expressed unconsciously. For example, when a teacher asks their students about the topic they saw in the previous class, the students move their eyes. It is a signal that they try to remember the topic and this behaviour is expressed unconsciously.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">Another example of paralanguage and body language is one we saw in this class. When we practiced the question <strong><span style="color:#cc0000;">WOULD YOU PLEASE SIT DOWN? we said it in different ways (friendly-angry- happy),</span></strong> and we noticed taht our tone of voice change as well as our facial expression.</span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:Courier New;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;"></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:courier new;">As you can see, PARALANGUAGE involves intonation in our voice ,the speed in which we are speaking ,our movements and all these words where we put emphasis. It plays an important role in our daily life in communication, I think, we as futures teachers must be taken into account this element,because how we say something can make all the difference in our classrom.</span></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"><strong>REFERENCES:</strong></div><div align="justify"><a href="http://work911.com/communication/nonverbparalanguage.htm">http://work911.com/communication/nonverbparalanguage.htm</a></div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.linguagiodelcorpo.it/voce/">http://www.linguagiodelcorpo.it/voce/</a></div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/ted,power/es10108.html">http://www.btinternet.com/ted,power/es10108.html</a></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"><strong>Here you can find some interesting articles and a video about this topic:</strong></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.infohatch.com/bodylangauge.htm?gclid=CPaG1KXgp54CFQi_sgodviApIQ">http://www.infohatch.com/bodylangauge.htm?gclid=CPaG1KXgp54CFQi_sgodviApIQ</a></div><div align="justify">http://www.ehow.com/video%204939843 nonverbal-communication-paralanguage.html</div><div align="justify"><a href="http://www.deltabravo.net/custody/body.php">www.deltabravo.net/custody/body.php</a></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div>Leikohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02667762694875235399noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-50963174564584304002009-11-26T08:00:00.011-06:002009-11-27T22:46:28.448-06:00How to Learn Any AccentAlthough we are not required to speak with a certain accent, we might feel inclined towards the one we are most familiar with or the one that we enjoy. In the end, it is a matter of personal choice as long as we are understood by most English speakers.<br /><br />Actors, singers, and TV / radio announcers are sometimes trained to lose their regional accents or to adopt a different one because they are portraying a period character, or to be understood easily by improving their diction. We, as future English teachers, will also need to be easily understood by students. Not to mention that they will look at us as models of pronunciation and diction.<br /><br />Amy Walker is a prominent YouTuber that explains some of the basics of how to learn any accent. As she said, we have to become truly fascinated with people and the way they speak in order to learn accents. Even if you are not interested in learning a particular accent, I think her <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJyTA4VlZus">explanation</a> can be useful to develop our diction and confidence with the language.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/VJyTA4VlZus&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VJyTA4VlZus&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/DUx2T7gWCCA&hl=en_US&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DUx2T7gWCCA&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />In the video below you can hear her imitation of various accents from different parts of the world.<br /><br /><object height="344" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/3UgpfSp2t6k&hl=en_US&fs=1&"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3UgpfSp2t6k&hl=en_US&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"></embed></object>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-46800265316925394732009-11-22T20:22:00.007-06:002009-11-22T20:33:16.566-06:00RP, GEORDIE AND CARIBBEAN ACCENTSLast Friday we learnt more about different accents. We analyzed specifically three accents: Geordie, RP and Caribbean. First of all I want to give a definition of what accent is. Accent is a distinctive manner of oral expression. As we know there a lots of different accents around the world, every country and region has a different one. It is important to be aware that sometimes even for people who speaks English as their mother tongue could be difficult to understand a speech given with a different accent, so do not get frustrated if you have some problems with it.<br /><br />We are more familiarized with the RP accent, because it has been chosen as a standar pronunciation of British English for study purposes. Since we are English language students, we have an idea of how it is pronounced. It is said that this is the accent that rich and educated people use. One example is the Royal Family.<br /><br />Some examples of RP accent<br /><br />Ash <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_543_ash_askon.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[æʃ]</a><br /><br />Year <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_051_year_jeran.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[jɪ ̞ˑə]</a><br /><br />Night <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_502_night_naxtz.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[na ̈ɪtʰ]</a><br /><br />I found something that I consider interesting in the RP accent it is called the intrusive R. to an objective observer; the intrusive R is very prevalent in RP. It involves the “insertion of an r-sound at the end of a word in ending in a non-high vowel where the next word begins with a vowel.<br /><br />Examples:<br /><br />R pronounced<br /><br />Put a comma [r]<br />The idea [r] of<br />I saw [r] it happen<br /><br />R non pronounced<br /><br />A comma may be added<br /><br />Idea for<br />I saw them<br />On the other hand we have the Geordie accent which is one of the most distinctive accents in Great Britain. Most Geordie consonants sounds are similar to satndar English except for the “r” sound which is similar to French pronunciation, but what characterizes Geordie accent are the vowel sounds.<br /><br />Examples:<br />1.- RP accent 2.-Geordie accent<br />Blood 1.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_261_blood_blodan.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[blɐ ̠d]</a> 2.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad_261_blood_blodan.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[blʊ ̞d]</a><br />Brother 1.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_433_brother_brother.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[ˈbɹɐ ̠ð ̞ə]</a> 2.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad_433_brother_brother.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[ˈbɹʊ ̞ð ̞ɐ]</a><br />One 1.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_RP_RP_Typ_001_one_ainaz.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[wɐ ̠n]</a> 2.- <a href="http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/research/gsound/All/SoundFiles/Germanic/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad/Gmc_W_Eng_EW_Nth_Tyn_Trad_001_one_ainaz.mp3" target="SoundPlayer">[wɔ ̈ ̝n]</a><br /><br />Finally we analyzed the Caribbean accent. It emerged when slaves from West African and slaves owners, who speak English, needed to communicate. Some characteristics of it are:<br /><br />TH-stopping in words such as think and three is pronounced using a sound and in words such as this and that using a sound<br /><br />H-dropping initial is deleted in words such as happy and house<br /><br />Consonant cluster reduction complex strings of consonants are often simplified by deleting the final sound, so that best becomes ‘bes’, respect becomes ‘respeck’ and land becomes ‘lan’ .<br /><br />You can find more examples of this accents in this web sites.<br /><br />RP<br /><a style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,153)" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/classic/A657560"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/classic/A657560</span></a><span style="color:#000099;"> </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxBXWiaY90w"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxBXWiaY90w</span></a><a href="http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/RPEnglish.html"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/RPEnglish.html</span></a><br /><br />Geordie<br /><a href="http://www.bobjude.co.uk/greets/geordie50.htm"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.bobjude.co.uk/greets/geordie50.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.bobjude.co.uk/geordie/index.html"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.bobjude.co.uk/geordie/index.html</span></a><br />Video<br /><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSHHbfY6MVc"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSHHbfY6MVc</span></a><span style="color:#000099;"><br /></span><br />Dictionary and history<br /><a href="http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html</span></a><span style="color:#000099;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series7/geordie_dialect.shtml"><span style="color:#000099;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series7/geordie_dialect.shtml</span></a><br /><br />Caribbean<br /><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series7/geordie_dialect.shtml"></a><a style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,153)" href="http://www.1destinyproductions.com/accents.php">http://www.1destinyproductions.com/accents.php</a><br /><a style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,153)" href="http://accent.gmu.edu/">http://accent.gmu.edu/</a>Arody Rahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12039513288116969513noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-1526598245115203222009-11-12T02:23:00.000-06:002009-11-12T02:25:27.095-06:00intonationLast class we were talking about the important of the intonation.<br />We already know that intonation can change the meaning of the sentences that we say according to the words that we stress at the moment of speaking we can notice this principally in questions:<br />Consider the difference between:<br /><br /> * You're coming. (Statement)<br /> * You're coming? (Question)<br /><br />And the normal intonation for questions in English is:<br /> * Final rising stress for a Yes/No question<br /> o Are you coming today? <br /> * Final falling stress for a Wh-question<br /> o When are you coming? Where are you going? <br /><br />Another example where we can see this fact is when we are chatting, how many times we get confused because we cannot notice the intonation.<br />Knowing when and where to stress the words you use is very important for understanding for example is that of stress in two word expressions. <br /><br />According to the expression the place of the stress changes. In an ordinary expression the two words are used to describe something like a "white HOUSE" (meaning a house that is painted white, and not blue or gray). In this case the most important note is the noun because we are talking about a house that happens to be white or "the WHITE house" where president live. In this case, the emphasis is on the adjective because we are more interested in stressing that it is the house that is known because it is white. <br />You can do some exercise just click on the followings links:<br /><br />http://esl.about.com/library/lessons/blstress.htm<br /><br />http://www.englishmedialab.com/pronunciation/upper-intermediate%20intonation%20exercise.htm<br />http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-1/exercise-english-674.phpp!Nkihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16613018647917302303noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-55152346266280249302009-11-12T02:20:00.001-06:002009-11-12T02:23:36.434-06:00Intonation II<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" 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line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Last Monday in my phonetic and phonology class, we saw the an important topic that is intonation, we saw different examples about intonation, we learn that intonation is a very important issue when we talk, we have to do the correct intonation because If we don’t do the correct one we won’t be able to communicated in a proper way, so that we can confuse the listener, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";" >To start I would refresh the definition about intonation, </span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN">intonation</span><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN"> is a variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. (Compare tone.) Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="EN">All languages use pitch semantically, that is, as intonation, for instance for emphasis, to convey surprise or irony, or to pose a question. Tonal languages such as Chinese and Hausa use pitch to distinguish words in addition to intonation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >Mainly there are two kinds of intonation, the <span style="">Rising intonation that </span>means the pitch of the voice increases over time, and the <span style="">falling intonation</span> that means that the pitch decreases with time. A <span style="">dipping intonation</span> falls and then rises, whereas a <span style="">peaking intonation</span> rises and then falls.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >A very good example taken from northeastern American English, is that it has a rising intonation for echo or declarative questions (<span style="">He found it on the street?</span>), and a falling intonation for <span style="">wh-</span> questions (<span style="">Where did he find it?</span>) and statements (<span style="">He found it on the street.</span>). Yes or no questions (<span style="">Did he find it on the street?</span>) often have a rising end, but not always.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >I would add how to mark the intonation on a sentece: for the</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > International Phonetic Alphabet, <span style="">"global"</span> rising and falling intonation are marked with a diagonal arrow rising left-to-right </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >[</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↗</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >]</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > and falling left-to-right </span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >[</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↘</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >]</span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >, respectively. These may be written as part of a syllable, or separated with a space when they have a broader scope:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >He found it on the street?</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >[ hiː ˈfaʊnd ɪt | ɒn ðə </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↗</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >ˈˈstɹiːt ‖ ]</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >Here the rising pitch on <span style="">street</span> indicates that the question hinges on that word, on where he found it, not whether he found it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >Yes, he found it on the street.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >[</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↘</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >ˈjɛs ‖ hi ˈfaʊnd ɪt | ɒn ðə </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↘</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >ˈstɹiːt ‖ ]</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >How did you ever escape?</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >[</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↗</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >ˈˈhaʊ dɪdjuː | ˈɛvɚ | ɨ</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >↘</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >ˈˈskeɪp ‖ ]</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >Here, as is common with <span style="">wh-</span> questions, there is a rising intonation on the question word, and a falling intonation at the end of the question.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >If you want to learn more about english pronunciation please visit: <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: normal; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" lang="EN" >http://www.learnenglish.de/pronunciation/intonationexpression.htm <o:p></o:p></span></p> ziskohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10458241723196710360noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-57461747057743435022009-11-07T13:03:00.006-06:002009-11-07T14:06:14.479-06:00EMPH@SIS<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijfgrl05yHBkjy-1-IVOsM1eBubX9RzmVBYrEs91WwL_k7quEvDuHev16pp6QVkL9WczgNVrZbagRvtKMhiZtE2ivhd_FGsUWV1wwIiTPcJn7BOOmZSOy5p8ku7MuGjaoRPxPslBLN0_tN/s1600-h/blog.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 240px; FLOAT: left; HEIGHT: 288px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401441418283692466" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijfgrl05yHBkjy-1-IVOsM1eBubX9RzmVBYrEs91WwL_k7quEvDuHev16pp6QVkL9WczgNVrZbagRvtKMhiZtE2ivhd_FGsUWV1wwIiTPcJn7BOOmZSOy5p8ku7MuGjaoRPxPslBLN0_tN/s320/blog.jpg" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color:#000099;">Last class we learnt the importance of emphasis in our daily life speech, we now know that emphasis is when we call more attention to the thought which we consider more important. But what do we use emphasis for? We use emphasis to change the meaning of something we want to say. We use this technique to stress that a word is more important than other in a sentence. We can see the difference in emphasis while conversation, but we must pay a lot of attention because sometimes native people speak really fast and we do not get the real idea they want to stress on, and it is really important that we put this technique into practice too.</span><br /><span style="color:#000099;">We can not see the difference of emphasis in writing at least we write with a different type of letter.</span><br /><span style="color:#000099;">Here you have an example:</span><br /><ol><li><span style="color:#000099;">Mary wants him to help her with the homework (basic meaning any word stress)</span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;"><strong>MARY </strong>wants him to help her with the homework (emphasis on the person who wants the help)</span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;">Mary wants <strong>HIM</strong> to help her with the homework (Emphasis that the person wants him [no one else] to help her with the homework)</span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;">Mary wants him to to <strong>HELP</strong> her with the homework ( Emphasis in the action to help her and nothing else)</span></li><li><span style="color:#000099;">Mary wants him to help her with <strong>THE HOMEWORK</strong> (She only wants him help with the homework)</span></li></ol><p><span style="color:#000099;">However, this is not the only way to make stress there are other different ways, one of them is repetition ejm. "you are very, very pretty" ; by pausing before the word or phrase you want to emphasize. We must practice this kind of tecniques to improve our pronunciation and make our speech sound more natural.</span></p><p>Click here and you will find some examples of other ways of emphasizing a word, includes some exercises:</p><p><a href="http://chestofbooks.com/languages/english/Composition/121-Emphasis-in-The-Sentence.html">http://chestofbooks.com/languages/english/Composition/121-Emphasis-in-The-Sentence.html</a></p><p>Sources:</p><p><a href="http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/modifying_meaning/emphasis.htm">http://changingminds.org/techniques/language/modifying_meaning/emphasis.htm</a></p><p><a href="http://searchwarp.com/swa545213-Learning-Word-Stress-And-Word-Emphasis-In-English.htm">http://searchwarp.com/swa545213-Learning-Word-Stress-And-Word-Emphasis-In-English.htm</a></p><p>Exercises:</p><p><a href="http://http//www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse/sample.pdf">http://http//www.cambridge.org/elt/inuse/sample.pdf</a></p><p><a href="http://lc.ust.hk/~material/pl/u8.htm">http://lc.ust.hk/~material/pl/u8.htm</a></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>NANCYhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06449020809887295460noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-5943632024317905542009-11-05T14:01:00.004-06:002009-11-05T14:25:17.811-06:00ELISION REVIEW<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zpQ6lbA4ZdNwAKY2J0vCCMp2oKQQIg6pq1X_GpXQnC8Gx2pCdH5W4BqZklRFO2JI-B2nDnmbytuT7ejW0K8e_mm-8QDcMZd_kAWOzidlY6bPJUiUgGkkUdrSQL4kaJ6vU8_fB3-61-Y/s1600-h/tongue_twister.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 314px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_zpQ6lbA4ZdNwAKY2J0vCCMp2oKQQIg6pq1X_GpXQnC8Gx2pCdH5W4BqZklRFO2JI-B2nDnmbytuT7ejW0K8e_mm-8QDcMZd_kAWOzidlY6bPJUiUgGkkUdrSQL4kaJ6vU8_fB3-61-Y/s320/tongue_twister.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5400717373858187138" border="0" /></a><br /><div><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:arial;" >As we saw on Thursday’s class, we had a short review about what linking, assimilation and elision are. But now I am going to try to explain what elision is. Firstly, I want to remind you what elision is: The omission of one or more sounds in a phrase or in a word. Some letters which are between two consonants do not sound; this refers to the sound that will be silenced. This can help the speaker to <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_0" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">pronounce</span> words in an easier and quicker way.<br /><br />Some examples of these words are: </span></div><br /><div><br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">comfortable:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/ˈkʌ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_1" class="blsp-spelling-error">mf</span>ərtəbəl/</span> → <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">/ˈkʌ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_2" class="blsp-spelling-error">mft</span>ə<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_3" class="blsp-spelling-error">rb</span>əl/<br /></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">fifth:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/ˈfɪfθ/</span> → <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">/ˈfɪθ/<br /></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">him:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/hɪm/</span> →<span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"> /ɪm/<br /></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">laboratory:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_4" class="blsp-spelling-error">læ</span>ˈbɔrətɔ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_5" class="blsp-spelling-error">ri</span>/</span> → <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">/ˈ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_6" class="blsp-spelling-error">læbr</span>ətɔ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_7" class="blsp-spelling-error">ri</span>/ (American English), /ləˈbɔrə<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_8" class="blsp-spelling-error">tri</span>/ (British English)</span><br /><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">temperature:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/ˈtɛmpərətʃər/</span> → <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">/ˈtɛmpərtʃər/, /ˈtɛ<span id="SPELLING_ERROR_9" class="blsp-spelling-error">mpr</span>ətʃər/<br /></span><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">vegetable:</span></strong> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">/ˈvɛdʒətəbəl/</span> → <span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);">/ˈvɛdʒtəbəl/</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);font-family:arial;" >As we noticed in the song Don’t speak, we went over some of the <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_10" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">occurrences</span> of elision. Elision happens mostly in songs, in poetry, in theatrical plays, in order to maintain a particular <span id="SPELLING_ERROR_11" class="blsp-spelling-corrected">rhythm</span>.<br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><strong>REFERENCES:</strong></span><br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;"><em>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision <span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">(examples)</span><br />http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/elision<br /></em><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);font-family:verdana;" ><strong>WEB SITES which can be useful for studying more about elision<br /></strong></span><em><span style="font-family:verdana;">http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/connected-speech-2<br />http://ell.phil.tu-chemnitz.de/phon/connect/elision.html</span><br /></em></div>Alhelíhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05315897156561497511noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-84365811095368563962009-10-21T20:29:00.002-05:002009-10-21T20:34:57.797-05:00JOINED UP SPEECH<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">Joined up speech</span></span>
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<br />last class we were learning about connected speech and i will start with this clear and funny example the teacher give us:
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<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream!</span>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;">Definition:</span></span>
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<br />Linking is a way of joining the pronunciation of two words so that they are easy to say and flow together smoothly.
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);">What is joined up speech?</span></span>
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<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is something that happen when speaking, something that we do naturally. we do not pronounce a word, we normally do not make gaps between word when speaking we joined the words made the sound as an only word. This happen generally when we pronounce the end and beginning of some words that can change depending on the sounds at the beginning and end of those words.
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<br />This is a very important topic , for us as English students, it can give us an idea about how to speak more fluent, and also when speaking with native speakers it would be easier to understand what they are saying, because this is something that happen unconsciously, something that native speaker naturally do when they speak . So it could be good for us to take into account this topic.
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<br />first of all we need to know that there are some aspects that characterise the joined up speech:
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<br />rhythm
<br />weak forms ( reductions)
<br />assimilation
<br />elision ( contractions)
<br />linking
<br /></div>
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204); font-weight: bold;">There are different ways in English this can happen:</span></span>
<br />
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<br />a<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">n a</span>ple a fres<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">h a</span>ple a sala<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">d of a</span>ple
<br /><ul><li>Vowel to vowel linking: this happen when certain vowels come next to each other an extra sound is added to make the link smooth.</li></ul> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Example: </span>
<br />tw<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">o e</span>lephans thre<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">e e</span>lephnas
<br /><ul><li>Sounds disappear: When the sounds /t/ or /d/ occurs between two consonant sounds, they will often disappear completely from the pronunciation. </li></ul> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Examples:</span>
<br />I´v<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">e f</span>ailed
<br />I nee<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">d t</span>his book
<br />I'm leaving nex<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">t <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">w</span></span>eek
<br /><ul><li>Sounds join together: When a word ends in a consonant sound and the following word begins with the same consonant sound, we don't pronounce two sounds - both sounds are pronounced together as one.</li></ul> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Example:</span>
<br />She’<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">s s</span>wimming
<br />Show me wha<span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);">t t</span>o do
<br />She’<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">s s</span>wimming
<br /><ul><li>Sounds change: When a word ends in a consonant sound and the following word begins with a consonant sound, depending on the particular sounds, the last sound of the first word or both the last sound and the first sound of the next word can change.</li></ul> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);">Example:</span>
<br />Woul<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">d y</span>ou like some milk?
<br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Do you</span> want a new car?
<br />
<br />
<br />i found three radio programs that explain this topic very well, why it is very important, and when it is used in speaking. i hope this can help for all of us:
<br /><a href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/pronunciation/mp3/tae_pronunciation1.mp3">MP3 1</a>
<br /><a href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/pronunciation/mp3/tae_pronunciation2.mp3">MP3 2</a>
<br /><a href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/pronunciation/mp3/tae_pronunciation3.mp3">MP3 3</a>
<br />
<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Bibliography:</span>
<br />http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/connected.shtmlEly Guevara M.http://www.blogger.com/profile/11670027853893470848noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-23064802226326463682009-10-17T13:53:00.006-05:002009-10-17T15:22:21.842-05:00Wha is a consonnat cluster?<span class="trans"><nobr><p><em> </em></p><p><em> In the previous class we saw whath consonant clusters are, as well as its possible combinations and reductions, too.</em></p><p><em> In my opinion the class was very clear, but as we can see consonant clusters cause problems for us whose firts language (Spanish) does not allow so many consonants together without intervening vowel sounds.</em></p><p><em>Here you are a little bbit more information about that:</em></p><p><em>What is a consonant cluster?</em></p><p><em></p><table style="WIDTH: 100%" class="ecxMsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" colspan="2"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Definition</span></b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 7%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" width="7%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 93%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" width="93%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">A consonant cluster is a group or sequence of </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/referencematerials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatIsAConsonant.htm" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black" lang="EN-US">consonants</span></a></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them. </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; DISPLAY: none; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span><p></p><div align="center"><table style="WIDTH: 100%" class="ecxMsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" colspan="2"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Examples</span></b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 7%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" width="7%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 93%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" width="93%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Here are some examples of consonant clusters: </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 7%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" width="7%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"></span> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 93%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" width="93%"><ul type="disc"><li style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">\sp\ and \ts\ in the word <i>spots</i> </span></li><li style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">\spr\ in the word <i>spray</i> </span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div align="center"><table style="WIDTH: 100%" class="ecxMsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" colspan="2"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Discussion</span></b><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 7%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" width="7%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 93%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" width="93%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">It is important to distinguish between consonant clusters and digraphs with which they are often confused. In contrast to a consonant cluster, a digraph is a group of two or more symbols which really stand for just one sound (usually a consonant). </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">For example, in the word <i>ship</i>, the two letters "s" and "h" together represent the single consonant <span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">[</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ʃ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">]</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">. Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in "lightning" with three terms: <gh> <t> and <n>; or "length: <ng> <th>.</span></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 7%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" width="7%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"></span> </p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 3pt; WIDTH: 93%; PADDING-RIGHT: 3pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 3pt" valign="top" width="93%"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">In the word <i>chat</i>, the letters <i>c</i> and <i>h</i> appear contiguously but are not a consonant cluster, even though both are separate consonants in other contexts (cat; hat). In this instance, <i>ch</i> is a digraph because the <i>ch</i> sequence represents a single sound in the underlying English sound system.</span></p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Consonant clusters or blends, are the names given to two or three consonants that appear together in a word. Each consonant retains its sound when blended. The term <i>cluster</i> refers to the written form and the term <i>blend</i> refers to the spoken form.</span></p></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; DISPLAY: none; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Consonant blends that appear at the beginning of a word, are referred to as <b>InitialConsonant Blends or beginning blends, </b>and those that appear at the end of a word are referred toas <b>Final Consonant Blends or end blends. </b> </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Consonant clusters consist of four major categories: </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span>·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">r-clusters </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span>·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">s-clusters </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span>·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">l-clusters </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 36.0pt" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span>·<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">3 letter clusters </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">You can teach beginning consonant clusters as soon as children have learnt the single consonant sound-spellings. </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">r-blends: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">s-blends</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">: sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">l-blends:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> bl, cl, fl, gl, pl. </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">3 letter blends</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">: str, spr thr, chr, phr, shr. The consonant clusters thr, chr, phr, shr, are made up of a consonant digraph and a consonant. </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Ending blends: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">ct, ft, ld, lp, lt, mp, nd, nk, nt, pt, rd, rk, sk, sp, st (teach these last) </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Consonant Digraphs: </span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">consist of two consonants that when blended make one sound: sh, ch, th, wh, ph, gh, ng </span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal" align="center"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Exceptions:</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> The consonant blend <i>sc</i> can stand for the /sk/ sound as in <i>scare</i> or the /c/ can be silent as in <i>science. </i>Also, the consonant cluster <i>ck</i> represents one sound - /k/. </span></p><div align="center"></em><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">English consonant cluster reductions </span></b></span></em></div><div align="justify"><em><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"></span></b> </div><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxroot"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">S-cluster reduction</span></strong><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> is the dropping of /s/ from the initial consonant clusters with voiceless plosives (environments /sp/, /st/, and /sk(</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">ʷ</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">)/) occurring in </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/Caribbean_English" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black" lang="EN-US">Caribbean English</span></a></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">. After the initial /s/ is removed, the plosive is </span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/Aspiration_(phonetics)" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black" lang="EN-US">aspirated</span></a></span><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> in the new word-initial environment, resulting in pronunciations such as:</span></span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" class="ecxMsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">spit</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ 'pit</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈsp</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɪ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">t]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈp</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ʰɪ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">t])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">stomach</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ 'tomach</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈst</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɐ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">mək]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈt</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ʰɐ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">mək])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">spend</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ 'pen</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈsp</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">nd]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">→ [ˈp</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">ʰɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">n]) (also affected by </span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://wapedia.mobi/en/English_consonant_cluster_reductions#Nonstandard_final_consonant_cluster_reduction" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black" lang="EN-US">final consonant cluster reduction</span></a></span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">)</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">squeeze</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ 'queeze</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈskwiːz]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈk</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ʰ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">wiz])</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></b><p></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">Final consonant cluster reduction</span></b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> is the nonstandard reduction of final consonant clusters in English occuring in African American Vernacular English and Caribbean English.</span></p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxroot"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;">Examples are:</span></span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"></p><table style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; BACKGROUND: #eeeeee; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none" class="ecxMsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">test</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ tes'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([t</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ʰɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">st]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [t</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'sans-serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ʰɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">s])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">desk</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ des'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈd</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">sk]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈd</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">s])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">hand</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ han'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈhænd]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈhæn])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">send</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ sen'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈs</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">nd]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈs</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">n])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">left</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ lef'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈl</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ft]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈl</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɛ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">f])</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">wasp</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ was'</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">([ˈw</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɑ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ːsp]</span></p></td><td style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #aaaaaa 1pt solid; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-RIGHT: #ece9d8; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt" valign="top"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">→ [ˈw</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS Mincho'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ɑ</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ːs])</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><p></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">The plural of <i>test</i> and <i>desk</i> become <i>tesses</i> and <i>desses</i> by the same English rule that gives us plural <i>messes</i> from singular <i>mess</i>.</span></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"><b><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">English consonant cluster reductions - Plum-plumb merger</span></b></p><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; LINE-HEIGHT: normal" class="ecxMsoNormal"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US">The <b>plum-plumb merger</b> is the reduction of the final cluster /mb/ to /m/ that occurs in all dialects of present English. In early Middle English, words spelt with <i>mb</i> like <i>plumb</i>, <i>lamb</i> etc. had the cluster /mb/.</span></p><h2 style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; BACKGROUND: #f8fcff"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="ecxmw-headline"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black" lang="EN">Consonant clusters in English</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black" lang="EN"></span></span></h2><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0pt; BACKGROUND: #f8fcff"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">In <a title="English language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: black">English</span></a>, the longest possible initial cluster is three terms, as in <i>split</i> </span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">/</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">spl</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">t/</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">; the longest possible final cluster is four terms, as in <i>twelfths</i> </span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">/</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">tw</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ɛ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">lfθs/</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">, <i>bursts</i> </span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">/</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ˈ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">b</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ɜ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">rsts/</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"> and <i>glimpsed</i> </span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">/</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ˈɡ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">l</span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN"><span style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS;">ɪ</span></span></span><span class="ecxipa1"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">mpst/</span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN">.</span></p><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"></span></span></cite> </div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black">I hope this information could be useful for you, however here are the links I used to the previous information.</span></span></cite></div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"></span></span></cite> </div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/">www.bbc.co.uk/schools/</a></span></span></span></span></cite></div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"> </span><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><a href="http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/">www.teachingenglish.org.uk/</a></span></span></cite></span></span></span></cite></div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><a href="http://www.firstschoolyears.com/">www.firstschoolyears.com/</a></span></span></span></cite></span></span></span></cite></div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><span style="COLOR: black" lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.atozphonics.com/">www.atozphonics.com/</a></span></span></span></span></cite></span></span></span></cite></div><div align="center"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"></span></span></span></cite></span></span></span></cite> </div><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="COLOR: black"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><cite><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><p style="TEXT-ALIGN: justify" class="ecxroot" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><cite><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 140%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', 'serif'; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 10pt" lang="EN-US"></span></span></cite></span></p></span></span></span></cite></span></span></span></cite></span></em></nobr></span>Alejandra Guzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05622390054244245923noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-86287110662215806512009-10-17T13:53:00.002-05:002009-10-17T13:54:13.167-05:00Alejandra Guzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05622390054244245923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-82713259513034553832009-10-17T13:53:00.001-05:002009-10-17T13:53:19.004-05:00Alejandra Guzmanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05622390054244245923noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-29531079226663678142009-10-03T22:19:00.008-05:002009-10-04T22:59:19.683-05:00HOW TO PRONOUNCE COMPOUND WORDS.<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >A word will always have only one stress, if we hear two stresses then there are two words. The stress will always be in the vowel, never in a consonant.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" > </span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">COMPOUND WORDS.</span></span><br /><br /></div><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >A compound word is formed from two simple words in English. To pronounce them correctly is important, otherwise we could give the wrong message or even have a negative result. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);font-family:arial;" >*If you want to form and know what other compound words there are go <a style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);" href="http://www.janbrett.com/piggybacks/compound.htm">in here</a></span><br /><a href="http://www.janbrett.com/piggybacks/compound.htm"><br /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >The stress can vary depending on which part of speech the word is:</span><br /><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">COMPOUND NOUNS:</span> This nouns can be formed by noun+noun or adjective+noun. In nouns the first part of the word gets the stress,for example:</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > noun+noun:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > bedroom /ˈbədruːm/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > teapot /ˈtiːpɒt/ </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > adjective+noun:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > blackbird /ˈblækbɜːd/</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">·If it is an adjective+noun word the adjective is the stressed one</span></span>:<br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > greenhouse /ˈgriːnhɑʊs/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > blackboard /ˈblækbɔːd/<br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >·When it is a compound phrase of adjective+noun we will stress the noun:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > green house /griːn/ /ˈhɑʊs/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > black board /blæk/ /ˈbɔːd/<br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >·If the word has three syllables then the stress will be in the first or second syllable, never in the third:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > grandmother /ˈgrændˌmʌðəʳ/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > newspaper /ˈnjuːspeɪpəɾ/</span><br /><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">COMPOUND ADJECTIVES</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">:in the adjectives formed by two words the stress is in the second adjective ,such as:</span></span> <span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >bad-tempered /bæd/ /ˈtempəʳ/</span><br /></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > oldfashioned /ˌəʊldˈfæʃ.ənd/<br /></span><br /></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">COMPOUND VERBS: </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);">they are not the same as phrasal verbs. This type of verbs have the stress in the second part of the word, an example of this are verbs: </span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >to understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >to overFLOW /ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ/</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" > </span></div><ul style="text-align: center;"><li><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 153, 153);">PHRASAL VERBS</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >This kind of verbs are usually formed by a verb and a preposition.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >In this case the stress is on the preposition. The correct pronunciation of phrasal verbs is important because sometimes there are compound nouns which are alike them, for example:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >-takeover /ˈteɪkˌəʊvəʳ/.-when a company gets control of another company. </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" >-take over /teɪk/ /ˈəʊvəʳ/.- to become more successful or powerful than something or someone else that is involved in the same type of activity </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >·When the compound verb is with three words, the stress goes in the second word:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > get OUT of </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);font-family:arial;" > keep UP with</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" >As you can see in the transcription the stress is marked according to the rule, if it is a noun, an adjective, a compound verb or a phrasal verb, etc.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">*If you want to test your knowledge about where the stress goes in compound words <a style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);" href="http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-quiz.htm">click here</a></span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:arial;" ><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 204);">*If you want to practice your listening on compound words and distiguishing them from phrasal verbs,<a style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);" href="http://www.soundsofenglish.org/pronunciation/suprasegmentals/index.html#compound">go to this link</a></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:arial;" >references:</span><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm"><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);font-family:arial;" >http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm</span></a></li></ul><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/*%20http://www.soundsofenglish.org/pronunciation/suprasegmentals/index.html#compound"><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);font-family:arial;" >http://www.soundsofenglish.org/pronunciation/suprasegmentals/index.html#compound </span></a></li></ul><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/pronunciation-phonetics/60046-stress-compounds.html"><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);font-family:arial;" >http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/pronunciation-phonetics/60046-stress-compounds.html</span></a></li></ul></div>nataaLyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09207643201697157778noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-67759058805078222362009-10-03T00:04:00.003-05:002009-10-07T12:42:32.083-05:00<div align="center"><strong><span style="color:#009900;">NOUNS AND VERBS STRESS</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><br />In the last class we practiced about the noun's and verb's stress, so I found some information to add to the topic, which is more practical than theorical, so I think there is not much to explain, and what I recomend is to practice the stress of the words depending on the context.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#000066;">What does stress is?</span></div><span style="color:#000066;"><div align="justify"><br /></span>Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word. The term is also used for similar patterns of phonetic prominence inside syllables, the word accent is sometimes also used with this sense.</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>The inicial stress derive noun</strong> is a phonological process in English, wherein verbs become nouns or adjetives when the stress is moved to the first syllable from a later one usually, but not always, the second. </div><div align="justify"><br />The following examples will help us:</div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#003300;">CONFLICT:</span><br />As a verb, “I hope that won't conFLICT in any way”<br />As a noun, “there will be no CONflict”</div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#003300;">RECORD:<br /></span>As a verb, “remember to reCORD the show”<br />As a noun, “I'll keep a RECord of that request”</div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#003300;">PERMIT:<br /></span>As a verb. “I won't perMIT that”<br />As a nun, “we already got a PERmit”</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><br />So with this examples we can realize that nouns stress on 1st syllable and verbs stress on 2nd syllable, so simple.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify">in the case of the word PROTEST, as a noun it has the stress on the first syllable but as a verb it's meaning depends on stress: with the stress on the second syllable it means to raise a protest; on the first it means to participate in a protest, and there are many verbs like this.</div><div align="justify"><br />So what we all have and need to do is practice and practice the stress of the different words for being able to have a good pronunciation.<br /></div><div align="justify">I found a good link that I spect will help you all.</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><br /><a href="http://neohumanism.org/i/in/initial_stress_derived_noun.html">http://neohumanism.org/i/in/initial_stress_derived_noun.html</a></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div>sandyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05018213553013750085noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5267602528026545123.post-89237037243322996012009-10-02T23:50:00.005-05:002009-10-03T00:13:19.281-05:00<p align="justify"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#6633ff;"><span style="color:#993399;">Stress in Verbs and Nouns</span><br /></span><br /></strong><br />Last Monday’s class we saw <span style="color:#333333;">the sound stress in verbs and nouns</span>. And we learned how to make differences in pronouncing verbs and nouns that are <strong><span style="color:#993399;">Homographs</span></strong>, which means that, are spelled the same, but pronounced differently.<br />There are differences between verbs and nouns in English, you know that a verb is a word action which describes and a noun names something, well sometimes we have the same spelling of words that come from Latin originally such as <span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong>sub</strong></span>ject / səb-jěkt'/ that is a noun, is what you take in school, and sub<strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">jec</span></strong>t, / səb-jěkt'/ for instance, if I said “I subject you to punishment” the accent is in the second syllable because is a verb and the same thing happens with other verbs as:<br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#33cc00;"><span style="color:#cc33cc;">Noun Verb</span><br /></span>con</strong>flict<strong> /ˈkɑn ˌflɪkt/ </strong>con</span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong>flict /kən ˈflɪkt/<br />re</strong>bel<strong> /ˈrɛ bəl/ </strong>re</span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong>bel /rə ˈbɛl/<br />per</strong>mit<strong> /ˈpɚ ˌmɪt/ </strong>per</span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong>mit /pɚ ˈmɪt/<br />re</strong>cord<strong> /ˈrɛ kɚd/ </strong>re</span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong>cord /rə ˈkɔrd/<br /></strong><br /><br />During the class we saw many examples with the purpose of identifing how to pronounce a verb and how to pronounce a noun. </span></p><br /><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">We conclude the following:<br /></span><ul><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#993399;">Nouns</span> are stress on the 1st syllable<br /></strong>Example: discount /dĭs'kount'/ </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;"><span style="color:#993399;">Verbs</span> </span>are stress on the 2nd syllable<br /></strong>Example: discount / dis-kount'/ </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#993399;">Verbs with –er ending</span> are stress in the first syllable</strong><br />Example: cover /kuvər/ </span></li><li><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">Of course there are some <strong>exceptions</strong> like: answer / ān'sər/, reply/ rĭ-plī'/, remove/ (rĭ-mov'/, etc.<br /><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="color:#cc33cc;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong>Exercise for pronunciation (practice)…</strong><br /><br /></span></span><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/wi3/englishcorner/pronunciation/nv01.html"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">http://www.angelfire.com/wi3/englishcorner/pronunciation/nv01.html</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color:#33ff33;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><span style="color:#cc33cc;"><strong>More examples…</strong></span><br /></span></span><a href="http://yoursecondlanguage.com/resources/english.nouns.verbs.accented.shtml"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">http://yoursecondlanguage.com/resources/english.nouns.verbs.accented.shtml</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><strong><span style="color:#cc33cc;">Rules in pronunciation…<br /></span></strong><br /></span><a href="http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress-rules.htm</span></a><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"><br /></span></li></ul>Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03937792700808931663noreply@blogger.com3